Minggu, 30 Agustus 2009

MITONI/7th month of pregnancy..(Java Tradition)

In Java tradition, mitoni is life cycle chain that until now it is still held by Javanese. Mitoni word comes from ‘am’ (prefix that indicates verb) + ‘7’ (pitu) that means activity held on count seventh. Mitoni ceremony is custom and tradition that held on 7th month the first pregnancy in order to embryo in womb and mother always obtain safety.

Ceremonies that held in pregnancy time such as ceremony of bathing a bride prior wedding, enter egg into bride cloth by husband, change of cloth, enter young coconut, cutting thread/young coconut leaf, Brojolan ceremony, drink guest, and nyolong endhog , essentially change ceremony that believed as infrastructure to avoid dangerous, namely initiation which it is old tradition. In addition to there is primordial solidarity aspect especially general custom from generation to other generation preserved by social community. Ignore custom will cause critical and bad name for family that concerned with social community.

Mitoni can be held sometimes, usually it selects good day to perform mitoni ceremony. Good day for mitoni ceremony is Tuesday (Monday until night) or Saturday (Friday until night) and held in daytime or afternoon. While place to perform this tradition usually selected in front location that called pasren namely senthong tengah. It is relevant with peasant group as place to worship goddess of rice crop. Because most of people have not senthong, then mitoni ceremony usually held at living room or a place that has large capacity to perform ceremony.

Technically, this ceremony is held by shaman or family member that argued as oldest. Presence of shaman in this ceremony more ceremonial in the sense prepares and performs pregnancy ceremonies.
While the ceremony that held on mitoni tradition as follow as:
1.Ceremony of bathing a bride prior wedding is ceremony symbol as sign to purify self, both physical and soul. It is symbolic has objective to clean bride from sin so that future she bear with safety and health. Ceremony of bathing a bride prior wedding in bath room and guided by shaman or family member that argued as oldest.

2.Enter egg into bride cloth by husband through stomach then it fall down so that broken. This ceremony is held at Ceremony of bathing a bride prior wedding place in order to baby born health without difficult.

3.Brojolan ceremony or enter pair of young coconut that decorated with Kamajaya and Dewi Ratih or Arjuna and Sembadra into sarong from up to under. Meaning of symbolic from this ceremony is future baby born with success without difficulty.
Brojolan ceremony is held in front of senthong tengah or pasren by grandmother (mother from pregnant mother) and received by mother-in-law. Both young coconuts is laid on the bed like sleeping baby.
Symbolically Kamajaya drawing and Dewi Ratih or Arjuna and Sambadra symbolizes if the baby born will be beautiful and has good character like illustrated figure. Kamajaya and Dewi Ratih or Arjuna and Sembrada are ideal figure for Javanese.

4.Change of cloth ceremony is held with fabric as much as 7 (seven) kinds and different motif. It and belt will be best alternative in order to future the baby also has merits as reflected in such fabric.
Cloth motif as follow as: 1. sidomukti (symbolize happiness), sidoluhur (symbolize majestic), 3. truntum (symbolize in order to merits value always hold), 4. parangkusuma (symbolize struggle to live), 5. semen rama (symbolize in order to both parents can maintain forever/cannot be separated), 6. udan riris (symbolize optimistic in order to emerge in community can self-support. The last cloth that most suitable from lasem motif and belt motif. This ceremony is held at senthong tengah.

5.Cutting thread/young coconut leaf that circled on her stomach. Young coconut leaf is changed with coconut leaf. It must be cut by father in order to baby born success.
6.Ceremony break caldron and scoop that made from piece of coconut shell. It is aimed to express (pray and safety) future she easy bear her baby without difficulty.

7.Sorongan drink tradition symbolizes child in womb can easy born like pulling.

8.Nyolong endhog ceremony symbolizes baby smooth and success is born. This ceremony is held by father with take egg and carries it running quickly while cycling village.

With performing all ceremonies at mentioned above, then mitony ceremony can be said over and finally shaman lead pray with cycling ceremonial meal. It or presentation partly taken goes home by audience to enliven the ceremony.

Symbol or meaning that exist in mitony ceremony element

Mitoni ceremony is the ceremony that held when pregnancy achieves seventh months, contains symbols and meaning or sign that can be interpreted as follow as:

•Presentation contains meaning as worship to ancestor that leaves us. They resided high place, like mountain.
•Sajen jenang abang, jenang putih symbolizes seed from man and woman that combined in form of baby.
•Presentation such as sega gudangan, contains meaning in order to baby is always freshness.
•Cengkir gading (young coconut that has yellow color) that given by Kamajaya and Dewi Ratih has meaning in order to baby future born as boy and has high character like Kamajaya. By contrast, they hope beautiful like Dewi Ratih.
•Lawe thread or young coconou that called also young coconut leaf must be cut.
•Motif sevent motif symbolizes merit of mother that contains seven months.
•Sajen dhawet has meaning in order to baby further can be born easy.
•Presentation such as egg then broken contains meaning like prediction, that if it broken then baby was born a girl, by contrast not broken then baby was born boy.

PUDARNYA MAKNA “MAHA”SISWA

Kata ‘maha’ biasanya dikaitkan dengan sesuatu yang agung dan tinggi nilainya atau derajatnya. Jika sebuah kata digabung dengan awalan maha maka kata tersebut akan memiliki makna yang lebih tinggi derajatnya dari makna kata sebelumnya. Sebutlah kata mahadewi yang dapat diartikan sebagai dewinya para dewi, maharaja sebagai rajanya para raja atau mahapatih yang berarti jabatan patih paling tinggi diantara jabatan patih lainnya dalam sejarah kerajaan di Indonesia.

Pada saat ini kata maha seolah tergusur dari tempatnya semula atau dengan kata lain menjadi terlempar dari fungsi aslinya. Kata maha seolah dihinakan oleh penyandang kata itu sendiri. Makna maha tidak lagi dihargai sebagai suatu nilai atau derajat ketinggian sesuatu atau seseorang. Ia telah dicampakkan dalam kelamnya jurang-jurang pertikaian dan kerusuhan. Intrik-intrik kekuasaan dan kepentingan membelenggu kesadaran akan luhurnya nilai-nilai dalam kata maha tadi.

Mari kita mengingat kembali kejadian tahun 1998 yang merupakan masa jatuhnya pemerintahan orde baru. Peristiwa yang mengubah wajah bangsa ini tidak bisa dilepaskan dari peranan para mahasiswa. Sudah menjadi fitrahnya jika kaum muda intelektual, yakni mahasiswa itu sendiri, merupakan iron of change. Sebuah generasi yang akan melanjutkan tampuk kepemimpinan negeri ini, melakukan perubahan positif dan membawanya ke arah yang lebih baik.

Rekan-rekan negara ini akan tetap sama jika individu-individu di dalamnya masih tetap memikirkan diri sendiri, tidak mau peduli terhadap apa yang terjadi dengan negara ini, Mari mulai belajar dari yang kecil yaitu perduli terhadap apa yang ada di lingkungan sekitar kita.Ingat seorang mahasiswa di tuntut untuk berpikir kritis, pada saat kita tidak dapat melakukan itu apakah kita masih bisa disebut sebagai seorang mahasiswa?
“ PEOPLE DON’T CARE HOW MUCH YOU KNOW UNTIL THEY KNOW HOW MUCH YOU CARE”
Dr. John C. Maxwell

Mari menjadi orang berguna dan bermanfaat bagi orang lain..
Sodara" kita di negeri ini banyak yang mengharapkan uluran tangan dari kita agar mereka mendapat kehidupan yang layak..

Siklus jasa penerbangan luar negeri di bandara soekarno-hatta

1. Calon Penumpang Meminta Jadwal Penerbangan
Calon penumpang akan dengan mudah mendapatkan jadwal penerbangan dengan cara menggunakan buku pedoman penerbangan dari maskapai penerbangan ataupun OAG.
2. Membeli tiket
Pembelian atau pemesanan tiket dapat dilakukan di bandara soekarno-hatta ataupun tidak. Untuk tanggal, waktu, dan jenis pesawat disesuaikan dengan inginan calon penumpang.
3. Tiba di Bandara Keberangkatan
Calon penumpang yang akan melakukan penerbangan ke luar negeri dari bandara soekarno-hatta paling tidak sudah tiba 2 - 2,5 jam sebelum jam keberangkatan. Biasanya untuk penerbangan luar negeri yaitu melalui Teminal II D atau Terminal II E pada lantai 2 terminal II.
4. Security check
Sebelum masuk ke dalam tempat dimana penumpang akan melakukan check in, penumpang akan melalui petugas bandara soekarno-hatta yang akan memeriksa apakah ada barang yang dilarang di bawa masuk. Barang bawaan akan melewati alat pemeriksa yang apabila ada barang yang dilarang tidak akan diperbolehkan masuk, barang yang dilarang akan terlihat oleh petugas yang telah melakukan diklat dahulu sesuai dengan kode yang hanya diketahui oleh petugas jaga tersebut. Dan penumpang akan melalui gate detector yang akan berbunyi apabila penumpang membawa barang yang mengandung metal apabila gate detector tersebut berbunyi maka penumpang akan diperiksa oleh petugas yang ada.
5. Check in dan Penyerahan Bagasi
Setelah penumpang melewati security check dapat dating langsung ke counter check in untuk menyerahkan bagasi sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ada di bandara soekarno-hatta dan melakukan check in.
6. Menerima pas naik
Selanjutnya penumpang akan menerima boarding pass yang merupakan tiket yang digunakan untuk masuk ke dalam pesawat.
7. Check fiscal
Penumpang akan melakukan check fiscal sebelum masuk ke dalam ruang tunggu bandara soekarno-hatta.
8. Immigration check
Sebelum masuk ke ruang tunggu para penumpang juga akan melakukan immigration check.setelah itu dapat memasuki ruang tunggu yang disediakan sesuai dengan tujuan keberangkatan.
9. Naik ke pesawat
Setelah masuk ke ruang tunggu, calon penumpang dapat menuju pesawat apabila sudah mendekati waktu keberangkatan dengan menunjukan boarding pass.Di bandara soekarno-hatta tersedia garbarata yang menghubungkan ruang tunggu dengan pesawat.
10. Pelayanan Selama Penerbangan
Penumpang duduk sesuai dengan nomor kursi yang tertera pada boarding pass.
11. Turun dari pesawat
Ketika melakukan pendaratan penumpang diwajibkan menggunakan seat belt. Dan akan masuk ke terminal II D atau II E pada lantai satu terminal II. Biasanya di bandara soekarno-hatta penumpang akan keluar melalui garbarata atau dijemput oleh bus.
12. Membayar visa kedatangan
13. Immigration check
Sebelum mengambil bagasi peumpang melakukan pemeriksaan imigrasi dan membayar visa kedatangan.
14. Menerima bagasi
Penumpang dapat mengambil bagasi di tempat yang telah disediakan yang disebut conveyor belt yang disesuaikan dengan penerbangan yang digunakan penumpang.
15. Meninggalkan bandara
Setelah mengambil bagasi para penumpang dapat meninggalkan bandara soekarno-hatta dengan memeriksa barang bawaan sebelumnya

Peraturan Internasional Bisnis Penerbangan

Dalam dunia penerbangan keselamatan dan keamanan penumpang merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Oleh karena itulah, dalam dunia penerbangan diatur sangat rinci, antara lain, mengenai jalur-jalur penerbangan yang harus dipatuhi semua pesawat sebagai diatur dalam Enroute Charts ICAO,. Dan pertemuan pertama kali yang membahas mengenai masalah penerbangan berlangsung pada tahun 1929 di Warsawa yang dikenal dengan nama The Warsawa Convention. Dalam konvensi warsawa membahas mengenai keamanan dan keselamatan penmpang bagasi, tanggung jawab terhadap penumpang, dan tanggung jawab terhadap bagasi. Selain konvensi Warsawa adalah konvensi Chicago pada tahun 1944 yang menghasilkan landasan untuk setiap peraturan dalam dunia penerbangan hingga saat ini. Konvensi Chicago juga menghasilkan terbentuknya organisasi yang mempunyai kekuasaan untuk membuat peraturan yang berkaitan dengan masalah penerbangan sipil, termasuk transportasi udara komersial serta sarana dan prasarana pendukungnya. Lembaga itu bernama International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Setiap negara yang merdeka memiliki batas wilayah udara yang diakui secara internasional, batas negara ini tidak boleh dilanggar oleh negara apapun. Namun pertauran mengenai batas negara ini masih belum jelas karena tidak terdapat ketentuan yang jelas berapa sampai batas ketinggian mana wilayah udara suatu negara tersebut. Dengan kata lain peraturan mengenai penerbangan adalah hasil dari konvensi Warsawa dan konvensi Chicago sebagai landasan dasar peraturan dalam dunia penerbangan. Dengan demikian tidak dapat suatu pesawat masuk atau melintasi suatu negara tanpa izin dari negara tersebut. untuk mengawasi dan mengatur lalu lintas penerbangan di suatu kawasan melalui penetapan flight information region (FIR). Dengan semakin pesatnya perkembangan dalam dunia penerbangan, pengaturan lalu lintas udara tidak hanya berpatok pada wilayah kedaulatan suatu negara. Sebagai contoh tidak semua wilayah kedaulatan Indonesia FIRnya diatur oleh Jakarta sebagian wilayah Indonesia khususnya kepulauan Riau FIRnya diatur oleh Singapura.Dan hal itu bukan hanya terjadi di Indonesia banyak negara lain pun mengalami hal yang serupa. Indonesia juga memegang FIR pulau Christmas milik Australia, maka apabila ada pesawat dari Sydney milik Australia yang akan terbang ke pulau Christmas harus melapor dulu ke Indonesia. Selain International Civil Aviation Organization organisasi atau lembaga lain yang mengurusi bidang penerbangan adalah International Air Transport Association, organisasi inidibentuk pada tahun 1945 dibentuk akibat cepatnya perkembangan penerbangan sipil setelah perang dunia II. Fungsi IATA dapat dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu fungsi untuk perusahaan penerbangan , fungsi untuk pemerintah dan negara, dan fungsi untuk masyarakat. Secara keseluruhan pesawat atau maakapai penerbangan tidak dapat seenaknya melintas atau memasuki suatu negara. Selain itu setiap negara memiliki kedaulatan pada wilayah udara masing-masing.

A-D Code

A

a.m = Between 12:00 midnight and 12:00 noon
Abacus = Asian/Pacific computerized reservations system owned by Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, Malaysian Airlines, Royal Brunei Airlines, Singapore Airlines and others.
accomodation = A seat/service sold to a passenger.
add-on fare = An arbitrary amount to be added to a gateway fare to produce a through fare. For example, an airline that has a New York (gate way ) to Madrid fare may have an add-on fare to travel from Philadelphia. You may have to use specific airlines and the add-on fare cannot be used alone. It is also called a proportional fare.
Add-ons = Optional tour arrangements that the customer may choose to purchase.
Advertised tour = A travel package presented in a brochure or other written format, meeting specific airline requirements to obtain an IT (Inclusive Tour) number.
Agency list = Agencies a approved by the ARC and/or IATAN to sell airline tickets and other ARC documents.
Air travel card = An airline sponsored credit card used for airline ticket purchases and accepted by many of the airlines. Also called the Universal Travel Plan card.
Airport transfer = The transportation from the airport to hotels or other specified points.
Airsickness = Sickness caused by the motions of the aircraft or altitude, characterized by nausea and vertigo.
All expense tour = An inclusive tour that offers many included services for the stated price. It probably includes most, if not all, meals, sightseeing, taxes, tips, and extras.
All-in = Term for all-expense or all- inclusive arrangements.
All-inclusive = The price includes the features specified (hotel, meals, entertainment).
Amenities = Service and facilities.
Appointment = Process of approval by conferences and/or associations for allowing the sale of tickets and other travel services ( See accreditation).
ARNK = Arunk-A-Arrival unknown, other than air transportation.
ARR = Arrive, arrived, arriving or arrival.
ASAP = As soon as possible.
ATM = Automated ticketing machine/Automatic Teller Machine.
Automated reservation system = Computerized system offering direct access to airlines, hotels, and other suppliers for reservations and ticketing.

B

B & B = Bed and Breakfast. Plan to include full breakfast( unless otherwise specified) with room accommodations can be rooms in guest houses, homes, or hotel rooms.
Baggage check = Receipt or claim ticket issued by a carrier for the handled luaggage.
Baggage, checked, and unchecked = Personal possessions of traveler. Checked baggage is handled bby the carrier. Unchecked is handled by the passenger.
Banquet Event Order (BEO) = The detailed instructions for a particular meeting or other group function. Also called a function sheet.
BB = Buffet Breakfast
BBML = Baby Meal
Bed and breakfast = A meal plan which includes breakfast with hotel or guest house accommodations.
Blackout dates = Certain dates or periods when travel on specific fares is not permitted (usually holidays ).
BLND = Blind passenger
Board = To go on or get on ( also called boarding )
Boarding pass = Card or form given to passenger that indicated the seat assignment or other travel space.
Booking = A reservation
Booking code = A letter used to make a reservation on a specific fare.
Booking fee = Charge incurred for processing a reservation.
Briefing tour = Promotional tour or advance information on destinations or procedures/facilities.
Buffet = Relating to a style of service, a display of foods and refreshment on a table so that guests serve themselves.
Bungalow = A small house or cottage.
Business class = A class of service on airlines that is usually situated between first class and offers such amenities as larger seats, free cocktails, and early check in.

C

Cabin = A sleeping room on a ship. Also the interior of an aircraft. Also a small house.
Cabin attendant = Flight attendant.
Call sign = A code identifying a ship’s radio
Cancel = To void reservations
Capacity controlled = Seats/space is limited
Cargo liner = Ship that carries freight or cargo ( See also Freighter)
Carry-on-baggage = Unchecked baggage that client is responsible for handling.
Cash advance = Monies given to an employee for future expenses.
CBBG = Cabin baggage
CBN = Cabin
CH = Child
Charter = An aircraft, cruise ship, motorcoach, or other transportation used solely by a group
Check-in time = Time when an accommodation is ready to be occupied. Also the time by which passengers should register with carrier to be transported.
Check-out time = Time by which guests are expected to leave or be charged additional monies.
Check point = A place where traffic is stopped for inspection and clearance.
Circle trip = A trip involving more than one destination and returning to the origin city. Example. Tampa to Atlanta to Dallas to Las Vegas to Tampa.
City ticket office = Sales office of a carrier located other than at the terminal.
City/airport codes = Usually three letter codes used to identify cities/airports.
Client = Customer
Code sharing = When an airline uses the code of another airline in flight schedule displays.
Commercial airline = An airline that sells its seats publicly.
Commercial rate = A discount rate offered to a company or business traveler.
Commission = A percentage amount of money paid to agents for selling a supplier’s products ( airline tickets, hotel accommodations, cruise tickets, etc)
Complimentary = free
COND = Conditional
Conditional fare = Also called a leisure class fare, which entitles the passenger to fly free on the next available flight if the flight is full.
Confidential tariff = A list of rates to be marked up for retail sales.
Configuration = A diagram of the interior of an aircraft or other equipment
Confirmation = Certifying that the passengers is holding a room, seat, or other travel arrangement space.
Conjunction tickets = When more than one tickets is used for an itinerary.
Connection flight = The change of planes on a schedule
Corporate rate = A special rate offered to business clientele, or a rate negotiated upon by a supplier and a company.
Coupon = The part of an airline ticket that is surrendered by the passenger for service. A document or voucher to exchange for goods or services.
D

DBLB = Double room with bath
DBLN = Double room without bath/shower
departure tax = A tax levied on departing passengers, usually when leaving a country.
Deportation = The lawful removal, from a sate or country, of an alien whose presence is undesirable.
Deposit = Partial payment to hold space, usually refundable if cancellation is made enough in advance.
Destination = to where someone is traveling.
Domestic airline = Carrier providing service within its own country.
Double booking = The practice of confirming two or more reservations when only one will be used.



E

E-ticketing = Electronic ticketing. See ticketless travel.
economy class = Tourist or coach class
electronic ticketing = See ticketless travel.
EMS = Excess Mileage Surcharge
Escort = Person traveling with a group as a guide, usually available throughout the tour. See also tour conductor, tour manager.
Esocorted tour = A tour that includes the services of an escort. Also called a conducted tour.
Excess baggage = Baggage that may cost more to be transported since it exceeds the allowed limit.
Excursion fare = Usually around trip fare with restrictions such as minimum and maximum stay and advance purchase